In the Upper Abdomen Test using a stethoscope, the examiner listens to the bowel sounds. Normal bowel sounds are typically gurgling noises indicating peristalsis, the movement of the intestines. Absence, hypoactive, or hyperactive bowel sounds can provide critical information about gastrointestinal function and potential issues such as bowel obstruction, ileus, or gastrointestinal bleeding. This involves tapping on the abdomen to assess the underlying structures. The sounds produced can indicate the presence of fluid (ascites), gas, or masses. A hollow sound typically suggests gas-filled intestines, while a dull sound can indicate solid organs or fluid accumulation. The examiner feels the abdomen to check for tenderness, masses, organ enlargement, or rigidity. Light palpation assesses surface abnormalities and tenderness, while deep palpation evaluates deeper structures and pain. Rebound tenderness, where pain increases upon release of pressure, can suggest peritonitis, an inflammation of the abdominal lining.
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